Towards sustained sanitation services: a review of existing frameworks and an alternative framework combining ecological and sanitation life stage approaches

Ecological Sanitation

Sanitation and hygiene approaches

Ecological Sanitation--a way to solve global sanitation problems?

Today about 2.4 billion people in rural and urban areas do not have access to adequate sanitation services. Within 20 years, it is expected that an additional 2 billion will live in towns and cities, mainly in developing countries, demanding sanitation. Still over 90% of sewage in developing countries is discharged untreated, polluting rivers, lakes and coastal areas. Conventional sanitation co...

Towards Sustainable Urban Water and Sanitation Services: Barriers and Bridges

The Mar del Plata International Water Conference provided the first global assessment of the water sector. It was found that in most developing countries the state of water supply and sanitation services were deplorable. Consequently, a call for concerted action to improve coverage and efficiency of the water supply and sanitation sector was launched. This call resulted in the International Wat...

Ecological assessment of selected alternative sanitation concepts via Life Cycle Assessment

Conventional and alternative sanitation concepts are compared in terms of their ecological performance via the methodology of LCA. Alternative scenarios include urine separation, faeces composting and digestion, and greywater treatment in a soil filter or technical plant. Urine and faeces are used as secondary fertilizers in agriculture after adequate treatment. Data for Life Cycle Inventory is...